Valorization of terpenes through catalytic isomerization using sulfonated carbon as a sustainable catalyst
In this work, sulfonated carbons were prepared from renewable precursors through carbonization and sulfonation steps, resulting in materials containing different surface acidic groups, such as sulfonic, carboxylic, lactonic, and phenolic groups. Initially, the catalysts were characterized using appropriate physicochemical techniques to determine their total acidity and textural properties. Subsequently, these materials were applied to the isomerization of limonene, which was employed as a model reaction for the preliminary evaluation of the catalytic performance of the sulfonated carbons. Based on these results, the reaction conditions for limonene conversion were optimized, allowing a systematic investigation of the influence of operational variables on the activity and selectivity of the system. Subsequently, the isomerization of α-pinene oxide was used as a more complex reaction, aiming to deepen the understanding of the role of nature and strength of the acid sites, as well as the carbocation intermediates involved in the reaction mechanism. Additionally, experimental design and multivariate analysis tools were employed to correlate the physicochemical properties of the catalysts with their catalytic performance. Overall, the results demonstrate that sulfonated carbons constitute efficient, versatile, and promising systems for the catalytic valorization of terpenes from renewable sources.